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CAS号124-04-9 己二酸 | CAS号1191-25-9 6-羟基己酸 | CAS号108-94-1 环己酮 | CAS号629-11-8 1,6-己二醇 | CAS号108-93-0 环己醇 | CAS号627-93-0 己二酸二甲酯 | CAS号4547-43-7 6-羟基己酸甲酯 | CAS号5299-60-5 6-羟基己酸乙酯 | CAS号110-82-7 环己烷 | CAS号930-68-7 环己烯酮 | CAS号109359-36-6 2-Methyl-1,8-°C... | CAS号112375-42-5 methyl 8-methyl... | CAS号4286-55-9 6-溴正己醇 | CAS号4224-70-8 6-溴己酸 | CAS号592-90-5 环氧己烷 | CAS号35444-44-1 甲基脂肪酰氯 | CAS号4547-43-7 6-羟基己酸甲酯 | CAS号41796-80-9 Methyl 5-methox... | CAS号5299-60-5 6-羟基己酸乙酯 | CAS号404-86-4 辣椒碱

2-环己烯-1-酮置于geotrichum Candidum Cct 1205 Whole Cells体系中,用 Aq. Phosphate Buffer 作为反应溶剂,化学反应 28.0H,反应生成 6-己内酯
参考文献:白地霉cct 1205全细胞快速将环己烯酮,环己酮和环己醇转化为ε-己内酯
标题:白地霉cct 1205全细胞快速将环己烯酮,环己酮和环己醇转化为ε-己内酯
摘要:摘要 ɛ-己内酯 (ɛ-Cl) 使用巴西白地霉 (Cct 1205) 的全细胞从底物环己烯酮,环己酮和环己醇中获得了优异的转化率和较短的反应时间.随着时间的推移,通过气相色谱监测反应,并鉴定和量化涉及 C=c 和 C=o 键还原以及 Baeyer-Villiger 氧化的一锅级联生物转化的中间体.baeyer-Villiger 单加氧酶 (Bvmo) 酶占主导地位,所有三种底物都完全转化为 ɛ-Cl.此外,白地霉的整个细胞在环己酮的生物转化中被回收和再利用,至少连续六次产生ɛ-Cl,而没有显着损失活性,反应产率或产品纯度.
DOI:10.1080/10242422.2017.1310207

专利信息

专利号:US-10040898-B2
优先权日:2016-08-31
标 题:Method for one-step synthesis of functional polyesters by organic catalysis
发明人：GUO KAI; LIU YIHUAN; ZHU NING; HU XIN; FANG ZHENG; FENG WEIYANG; HUANG WEIJUN
权利人:NANJING UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
摘要:It relates to the field of synthetic macromolecular chemistry, and discloses a method for one-step synthesis of thiol-functionalized polyester polyols by organic catalysis. This method uses lactone monomer as reaction raw material, thiol-alcohol as initiator, and diphenyl phosphate as organic catalyst to catalyze and synthesize the thiol-functionalized polyester polyols. The present invention provides a method which is simple, inexpensive, easily controllable and environmentally friendly to prepare thiol-functionalized polyester polyols with the easily available and controllable catalyst. The method can selectively catalyze the ring opening polymerization of lactone to prepare thiol-functionalized polyester polyols using the organic catalyst.

专利号:US-3852307-A
优先权日:1972-04-25
标 题 :Synthesis of zearalanone and related compounds
发明人：URRY W; MULLENBACH G
权利人:COMMERCIAL SOLVENTS CORP
摘要:WHEREIN X is an integer having a value from 0 to 6 inclusive and Y is an integer having a value from 3 to 8 inclusive. It also provides for new methods of making compounds useful in the synthesis of zearalanone and related compounds. The compounds 6-acetoxyhexanoic acid; 2-(5-hexenoyl)cyclohexanone; 7-keto-11-dodecenoic acid; 2-hydroxyethyl 7-keto11-dodecenoate ethylene ketal; N,N-dimethyl 7-keto-11dodecenamide ethylene ketal; 7-keto-11-dodecenal ethylene ketal; 9-keto-2,13-tetradecadienic acid ethylene ketal; 2-hydroxyethyl 9-keto-2,13-tetradecadienoate ethylene ketal; the sodium salt of ethyl 6-(6-keto-10-undecenyl)- Beta -dihydroresorcylate ethylene ketal; ethyl 3-bromo-6-(6-keto-10-undecenyl)- Beta dihydroresorcylate ethylene ketal; ethyl 6-(6-keto-10-undecenyl)Beta -resorcylate ehtylene ketal; ethyl 6-(6-keto-10-undecenyl)Beta -resorcylate ethylene ketal dibenzyl ether; ethyl 6-(6keto-10-hydroxyundecyl)- Beta -resorcylate ethylene ketal dibenzyl ether; and 6-(10-hydroxy-6-keto-undecyl)- Beta resorcylic acid dibenzyl ether are disclosed. Methods for preparing these compounds are also disclosed. This invention provides a new synthesis for zearalanone and for related compounds having more or fewer carbon atoms in the nonaromatic ring than does zearalanone, which related compounds and zearalanone are represented by the formula

专利号:WO-2023152730-A1
优先权日:2022-02-14
标题 :Amine-borane adducts in the synthesis of polyester and its copolymers using cyclic esters and compositions thereof
发明人：FENG XIAOSHUANG; LIU JINGJING; GNANOU YVES
权利人:UNIV KING ABDULLAH SCI & TECH
摘要:Embodiments of the present disclosure provide for the process of synthesis of polyester and its copolymers through (co)polymerization of cyclic esters and with other oxygenated monomers using amine-borane adduct. Embodiments of the present disclosure further describe the controlled anionic ring-opening polymerization of the cyclic compounds. Embodiments of the present disclosure also describe the polymerization of cyclic compounds using the synergistic effect of amines and thioureas. Embodiments of the present disclosure also describe compositions of polymers formed by the said process.

专利号:US-6498229-B1
优先权日:2001-09-05
标题:Direct synthesis of segmented glycolide copolymers and crystalline materials therefrom
发明人：SHALABY SHALABY W
权利人:POLY MED INC
摘要:The present invention is directed to a method for the direct, one-step synthesis of crystalline segmented glycolide copolymers having less than 80 percent glycolide-based sequences in the copolyester chain. The copolyester chain can also be formed using a polyether glycol as the initiator for the ring-opening copolymerization of glycolide and other cyclic monomers to form highly hydrophilic materials.

专利号:US-4136136-A
优先权日:1976-06-14
标题:Graft copolymers of hydrocarbons and small ring heterocyclic compounds and process for the preparation thereof
发明人：DREYFUSS PATRICIA; KENNEDY JOSEPH P
权利人:UNIV AKRON
摘要:Disclosed are novel graft copolymers comprising hydrocarbon backbones and polymerized small ring heterocyclic compounds. The backbones are devoid of O, N or S in the main chain and include SBR, polybutadiene, butyl rubber, neoprene, EPDM, EPM, PVC, and the like. The hetero atom of the graft branches may be O, S or N as well as combinations thereof and include compounds such as ethers, formals, lactones, sulfides and amines. The invention also relates to a process for cationic grafting of the heterocyclic monomers from the backbone which includes the steps of: substituting a plurality of halogen groups onto the backbone; charging a reaction vessel with the halogenated backbone and the heterocyclic monomer in the presence of a suitable solvent where necessary; mixing the contents thereof to allow at least a portion of the backbone to dissolve in the monomer; adding a suitable salt, which in the presence of an organic halide, such as the halogenated backbone, will polymerize the heterocyclic compound; agitating the contents of the reaction vessel so as to disperse the salt throughout the contents facilitating polymerization; and finally, terminating polymerization and extracting the graft copolymer from the remaining contents via conventional techniques. n BACKGROUND n The present invention relates to graft copolymers containing a halogenated saturated or unsaturated backbone, such as a diene rubber, poly(styrene-co-butadiene) (SBR), butyl rubber, poly(ethylene-co-propylene-co-diene) (EPDM), polyvinylchloride (PVC), polychloroprene (neoprene) and the like, from which are grafted branches of small ring cationically polymerizable heterocyclic compounds such as formals, lactones, amines, sulfides and ethers, particularly tetrahydrofuran (THF). The invention also relates to a process for the cationic preparation of the graft copolymers described herein. n Heretofore, it has not been possible to synthesize well-defined graft products free from gel, degradation, or ill-defined materials and having a predicted microstructure, comprising otherwise incompatible polymers such as PVC and polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF) or butyl rubber or ethylene-propylene rubber and PTHF. Given the incompatability of the polymers, a possible synthesis of a product having both would involve the graft polymerization of THF from a polymer backbone of the olefin. Thus, the backbone must carry a site capable of initiating polymerization of THF or other monomer which is to be grafted therefrom. n A discussion of known cationic initiators for THF is presented in U.S. Pat. No. 3,824,197, which discloses a method for the preparation of a terminally cationically active or living polymer by the known reaction of THF as well as certain prepolymers with a monobasic acid such as trifluoromethane sulfonic acid or derivatives thereof. This patent and related references are, however, directed toward producing a polycationically active polymer, i.e., a linear straight or branched polymer, having terminally active groups capable of initiating the polymerization of THF or entering into various alkylating and acylating reactions. Notwithstanding the recognition of others in the art that certain monobasic acids can initiate polymerization of THF, there are no references known to us which disclose a method for grafting THF and other heterocyclic monomers from a plurality of halogenated sites, rather than terminal sites on an olefinic polymer backbone, otherwise incompatible with polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF). n SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION n It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide novel graft copolymers containing halogenated saturated or unsaturated backbones and graft branches comprising cationically polymerized small ring, heterocyclic compounds, the hetero atoms of which are selected from the group consisting of O, S, N and combinations thereof. n It is another object of the present invention to provide a cationic process for the preparation of the novel graft copolymers disclosed herein. n These and other objects of the present invention will become apparent from the following description and claims. n In general, the graft copolymers of the present invention comprises a backbone derived from a halogenated saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon polymer which is devoid of oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur in the main chain, such as chlorinated butadiene, chlorinated butadiene-styrene, PVC, chlorinated ethylene-propylene rubber, chlorinated EPDM, neoprene, chlorobutyl and the like, and graft branches comprising polymers of small ring heterocyclic compounds wherein the hetero atoms are selected from the group consisting of O, S, N and combinations thereof. n The novel graft copolymers described herein are prepared by the steps of substituting a plurality of halogen groups onto the backbone followed by charging a reaction vessel with both the halogenated backbone and the heterocyclic monomer in the presence of a suitable solvent where necessary. The two are thereafter mixed to allow some, if not all, of the backbone to dissolve in the monomer at which time a suitable cationic initiator solution is added. The initiator is formed from a soluble salt which, upon reaction with the halogen from the backbone, produces an entity capable of polymerizing THF. Final steps include agitating the contents of the vessel to disperse the initiator solution throughout the contents; terminating the polymerization and extracting the graft copolymer. Alternatively, one may commence preparation by selecting a halogenated backbone and then proceeding with the foregoing steps. n The process disclosed herein is readily controlled to produce well-defined graft products. One of the important features of the process is that it enables one skilled in the art readily to combine polymers such as PVC and PTHF which have been otherwise incompatible or if synthesized via free radical processes, have not been obtained as well-defined products. The product, poly(vinyl chloride-g-tetrahydrofuran) would be useful as a high impact resin. Also, nonpolar rubbers such as butyl or ethylene-propylene may now be combined with polar rubbers such as PTHF. Such products would be soluble in solvents for either polymer. Another product, poly(butadiene-g-tetrahydrofuran) could be utilized in tread stocks wherein it would be expected to impart better traction between a tire and wet road surfaces. Neoprene grafted with PTHF is expected to find use as an adhesive, the product exhibiting improved adhesion to polar materials. Many other utilities are expected as various graft products are synthesized according to the process set forth herein. n DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT n Suitable saturated and unsaturated polymer backbones have been listed hereinabove and generally include nearly all hydrocarbons which are devoid of O, N or S in the main chain. Thus, epoxides, isocyanates, acrylics, nylons, and polysulfides may not be employed. The number average molecular weight of the backbone polymer may range from 500 to about 5,000,000 with 2,500 to 200,000 being preferred. In order for the grafting to proceed, it is necessary for the backbone to contain halogens, preferably Cl or Br, in allylic, benzylic or tertiary positions. If the halogenation is not inherent, e.g., PVC, and an unhalogenated polymer is selected for a desired product, the halogen functionality may be imparted to the polymer backbone by a suitable post-polymerization technique. Generally, chlorination with t-butylhypochlorite or elemental chlorine may be employed for substitution of chlorine upon the backbone. Other halogens such as bromine or iodine may also be employed. n One suitable procedure for halogenation of an unsaturated backbone, e.g., polybutadiene or SBR, with an alkylhypohalite has been set forth in a copending application of our assignee, Ser. No. 611,716, now abandoned. Halogenation via elemental halogens may be readily facilitated by procedures set forth in reference books directed toward organic syntheses. Although halogen functionality on the backbone is necessary to practice the invention disclosed herein, it is to be understood that the particular route selected to impart such functionality is within the skill of those in the art and, as such, is not intended to constitute a portion of the invention. n Suitable cationic initiators which may be employed are those reported in the literature for the polymerization of THF. A comprehensive listing of such compounds is presented in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 3,824,197 to which reference should be made as desired. For the purposes of our work, a suitable cationic initiator would be one which is formed from any soluble salt which, upon reaction with a suitable organic halide compound, produces an entity capable of effecting the polymerization of THF. The organic halide referred to will, in the synthesis of graft copolymers according to the process set forth herein, be the halogenated polymer backbone. Alternatively, alkyl, olefinic, or aryl halides having tertiary, allylic or benzylic halogens, may be present in lieu of the backbone where it is desirable only to evaluate the performance of a particular salt rather than prepare a graft product. So long as the salt, with the organic halide, polymerizes THF, it is believed to be suitable for the process of the present invention. The halide salt which is formed from the cation of the soluble salt and the halogen of the backbone must be less soluble than the salt employed. n Particularly useful in the graft syntheses described herein have been compounds such as the silver salt of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (AgOSO 2 CF 3 ), as well as AgPF 6 , AgBF 4 , AgClO 4 , AgSbCl 6 , AgSbF 6 , and AgAsF 6 . Suitable metals other than silver which could be employed would include cadmium, copper, lead, lithium, mercury, and sodium. For convenience, the salt may be dissolved in a solvent such as THF, dichloromethane or dichloroethylene prior to addition to the reaction vessel. n The monomers utilized to form the novel graft copolymers of the present invention are grafted from the backbone as opposed to being grafted onto or grafted through the backbone. The terminology 'grafted from' is indicative of the polymerization wherein a reactive site on the backbone interacts with the monomer and a salt to give a site from which the polymer thereafter continues to grow to a size determined by the number of sites, the amount of monomer and somewhat by the reaction conditions. A more detailed discussion of grafting techniques is presented by J. P. Kennedy, Recent Advances in Polymer Blends, Grafts and Blocks, L. H. Sperling Ed., Plenum Press, N.Y., 3, (1974). Number average molecular weight for the graft branches will generally range from about 100 to 200,000 per branch. In terms of weight percent, the branches may account for from about 1 to 99 percent of the weight of the graft copolymer product n The small ring heterocyclic monomers which may be grafted from the various backbones in which the hetero atom is oxygen include epoxides, ethers, formals and lactones. Similarly, several of the more common cyclic sulfides and amines may be grafted from the various backbones and, it is believed that cationically polymerizable compounds containing combinations of the O, N and S hetero atoms, e.g., lactams, oxathiolanes, thiazole and the like, may also be grafted from the backbones disclosed herein. n A ready listing of suitable heterocyclic compounds which will polymerize and therefore may be employed to form the novel graft copolymers of the present invention may be found in the book Ring-Opening Polymerization, K. C. Frisch and S. L. Reegen Ed. Marcel Dekker, Inc., N.Y., 8-9 (1969) (hereinafter referred to as the Ring-Opening Polymerization text). n Regarding suitable cyclic ether monomers, it is reported at page 112 of the Ring-Opening Polymerization text that four and five-membered rings, but not six-membered, e.g., 1,5-epoxides, should polymerize. Additionally, the three-membered rings, as well as some larger than six-membered, are also expected to undergo grafting from the backbones disclosed herein. Included hereinbelow are examples of synthesized copolymers comprising grafts of cyclic ethers having 2, 3 and 4 carbon atoms per ring, the most frequent example being the four carbon species, tetrahydrofuran (THF). n Suitable cyclic formals are also listed in the Ring-Opening Polymerization text at page 164 wherein it is indicated that five-, seven- and eight-membered rings, i.e., those having 3, 5 and 6 carbon atoms per ring, are polymerizable. One in particular, 1,3-dioxolane, a five-membered ring, has been successfully grafted to PVC and neoprene backbones and is also reported hereinbelow. n Suitable cyclic esters or lactones are also discussed and listed in the Ring-Opening Polymerization text at pages 256-9 wherein it is reported that four-, seven- and eight-membered rings always polymerized while less than all five- and six-membered rings polymerized. Thus, it is believed that lactones having 2-6 carbon atoms per ring may be employed herein, with the understanding that known nonpolymerizable five- and six-membered rings are to be excluded. The successful grafting of a seven-membered ring, ε-caprolactone from PVC and neoprene back-bones has been reported hereinbelow as exemplary of the grafting of cyclic lactones. n Suitable cyclic sulfides are generally discussed in the Ring-Opening Polymerization text between pages 191-215. Most common are the three- and four-membered rings, particularly the four-membered thietanes an example of which has been reported hereinbelow. It is believed that cyclic sulfides having 5 and 6 carbon atoms per ring could also be employed. n Suitable cyclic amines or alkylenimines are generally limited to ethylenimine, a three-membered, two carbon atom ring which is readily polymerizable and is discussed at pages 219-245 of the Ring-Opening Polymerization text. n It is to be understood that the foregoing discussion of suitable heterocyclic monomers is not intended to be totally inclusive of every monomer capable of being grafted from the various backbones disclosed herein according to the process of the present invention, but is rather indicative of the types of small ring monomers which may be employed. In this respect, monomers having small side chain substituents should not be disregarded; so long as they are known or at least expected to be cationically polymerizable, they could be grafted according to the present invention. And, as mentioned hereinabove, cationically polymerizable known heterocyclic monomers having combinations of O, N and S atoms per ring may also be employed. Also, bicyclics may be grafted as exemplified by the grafting of 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane onto PVC and neoprene backbones set forth hereinbelow. n I Grafting of PTHF from Various Backbones n In a typical laboratory synthesis of the novel graft copolymers of the present invention, the procedures employed were as follows: n Tetrahydrofuran was refluxed under nitrogen over sodium or potassium until sodium naphthalene complex turned green (about 24 hrs.), thereafter distilled and stored in Teflon lined capped pop bottles until used. Polymers were thrice dissolved in a suitable solvent, reprecipitated into a nonsolvent before use and were dried in a vacuum oven. Table I presents the solvents and precipitants used for the various polymers. n n TABLE I n n n ______________________________________ nSolvents and Precipitants for the Polymers nPolymer Solvent Precipitant n______________________________________ nChlorinated polybutadiene n heptane acetone nChlorinated SBR ' ' nPolyvinyl chloride n THF methanol nNeoprene toluene 95% ethanol nChlorinated EPDM benzene acetone nChlorobutyl rubber n heptane acetone n______________________________________ n n Silver trifluoromethane sulfonate (AgSO 3 CF 3 ), obtained from Aldrich Chemical Co., was used as received. All experiments were conducted at room temperature in a dry box under dry nitrogen atmosphere. n The preparation of poly(vinyl chloride-g-tetrahydrofuran) is indicative of the several syntheses carried out utilizing a cyclic ether, THF as the heterocyclic monomer. n Geon 109 (5 g) purified by dissolving in THF and precipitating in methanol three times was dissolved in dry THF (100 ml) and 0.13M AgOSO 2 CF 3 in THF (5 ml) was added. (Geon is a registered trademark of the B. F. Goodrich Co. for a group of PVC polymers). The viscosity of the solution increased slowly. One day later an additional 5 ml of silver salt solution was added. The polymerization was terminated 48 hours after the first silver salt addition by adding methanol. The unreacted THF was evaporated and the resulting polymer film was dried in a vacuum oven at 40° C. to give 6.67 g product which corresponds to an overall composition of 75% PVC and 25% PTHF. n The crude product was found to be completely soluble in dimethylformamide (DMF), 21% soluble in dioxane, and 10% soluble in ethyl acetate. Inasmuch as DMF is not a solvent for PTHF, all the PTHF formed must have been grafted, i.e., pulled into solution by the DMF soluble PVC backbone. n The presence of graft was further demonstrated by the solubility experiments with ethyl acetate and dioxane, solvents for PTHF but nonsolvents for PVC. Thus, ethyl acetate and dioxane extracts of the product described above were shown by infrared spectroscopy to contain both PVC and PTHF. In those instances the soluble PTHF branches pulled the PVC moiety into solution. n The gel permeation chromatogram of the unfractionated polymer (after removal of only the silver salt) had a high molecular weight tail and its maximum was slightly shifted toward lower count (higher molecular weight) relative to the PVC backbone which indicates the absence of appreciable amounts of ungrafted (unreacted) backbone. n The tensile behavior of the PVC-g-PTHF was found to be distinctly different from that of the backbone, i.e., elongation of the graft was greater and the yield point and ultimate tensile strength were about 25% lower than those of the backbone. n Syntheses involving several other polymer backbones and THF are presented in Table II. Solubility studies enabled the weight percent of PTHF in the graft product to be determined. n n TABLE II n n n ______________________________________ nPolytetrahydrofuran Grafts From Various nHalogenated Polymer Backbones n Reaction n Time % PTHF in nPolymer Symbol (Days) Crude Product n______________________________________ nChlorinated polybuta- n ClPBd 2 38 ndiene nChlorinated SBR n ClPBdSty 2 35 nPolyvinylchloride n PVC 2 25 nChlorinated Nordel-1 a n Cl 2 EPDM n 3 21 nChlorinated Nordel-2 b n ClEPDM 1 9.3 nNeoprene Neoprene 1 34 n(polychloroprene) nChlorobutyl ClBut 1 14 n______________________________________ n +hu a Chlorine introduced by reaction with elemental chlorine n b Chlorine introduced by reaction with (CH 2 CO) 2 NCl n n In each synthesis, approximately 5 g of polymer was dissolved in purified tetrahydrofuran (50 ml for neoprene, ClPBdSty, and ClBut, 100 ml for ClPBd, PVC, Cl 2 EPDM, and ClEPDM). Then 5 ml of an 0.13M solution of AgSO 3 CF 3 in tetrahydrofuran was added. An additional 5 ml of the silver salt solution was added after 1 day to the PVC and Cl 2 EPDM. The reactions were finally terminated by the addition of a 90 percent by volume solution of THF in distilled water. The resultant products were thereafter dried in an oven for subsequent characterization. n Solvent extraction data was first collected by dissolving both the homopolymers of the reaction, i.e., backbone and PTHF graft, and the products of the attempted grafting reactions. Solvents employed were dioxane, ethyl acetate, heptane, benzene, toluene, THF, 3-pentanone, dimethylformamide, and CH 2 Cl 2 . Data obtained indicated that most of the PTHF had been grafted from the backbone. Graft products, PVC-g-PTHF, Cl 2 EPDM-g-PTHF and ClBut-g-PTHF were completely soluble in either dimethylformamide or heptane, both of which are nonsolvents for PTHF, thus ruling out the presence of that homopolymer. Also, the percent of insoluble material determined from either solvent was different than the percent of PTHF in the crude product. n For three of the products, ClPBd-g-PTHF, ClPBdSty-g-PTHF and ClEPDM-g-PTHF, the insolubles far exceeded the PTHF content suggesting that much of the backbone is kept out of solution by grafted PTHF. Thus, in these systems the presence of homopolymer cannot be ruled out. n Lacking knowledge of a differentiating solvent for neoprene, i.e., a solvent for neoprene that is not also a solvent for PTHF, conclusions regarding ungrafted PTHF cannot be reached for neoprene-g-PTHF. The absence of unreacted backbone is, however, clearly demonstrated by the ethyl acetate solubility of neoprene-g-PTHF, and the complete dioxane solubility of ClPBd-g-PTHF and ClPBdSty-g-PTHF. n Solubility data alone are insufficient to determine the amount of unreacted backbone for PVC-g-PTHF, Cl 2 EPDM-g-PTHF, ClEPDM-g-PTHF, or ClBut-g-PTHF inasmuch as the percents soluble do not correlate well with the percents of PTHF obtained from conversions. n Infrared and nmr analyses revealed that even in those instances where material was extracted into solvents for PTHF but nonsolvents for the backbone, the extracts contained both polymers. This indicates that pure homopolymer, if any, was always contaminated with some graft, which was pulled into solution by the soluble moiety, or left behind because of the insoluble component. Such behavior has often been observed with graft copolymers during related investigations conducted in the laboratories of our common Assignee herein, The University of Akron, and reported, e.g., J. P. Kennedy, J. J. Charles and D. L. Davidson, 'Recent Advances in Polymer Blends, Grafts and Blocks,' L. H. Sperling, Ed., Plenum Press, N.Y., 157 (1974). In all grafts (except neoprene-g-PTHF), the presence of PTHF was evident from the strong infrared ether absorption at about 1115 cm -1 . Unfortunately, the 1115 cm -1 band in PTHF and a similar band in neoprene overlapped and, therefore, infrared analysis was not useful for this graft. However, the proton resonances in the nmr were widely separated and from the integration of the spectrum obtained, a composition of 70 wt % neoprene and 30 wt % PTHF was calculated. This compared quite well with the composition of 66 wt % neoprene and 34 wt % PTHF obtained gravimetrically from the product isolated. (The wt % PTHF in the crude product was calculated on the basis of the increase in weight of the backbone after evaporation of the solvent and, therefore, contains the residual silver salt. The nmr spectrum was run on purified polymer.) n Solvent extraction data obtained has been set forth in Table III wherein various solubilities for the graft PTHF, the backbones, and the crude graft products are presented. The percentage of PTHF in each crude product has been set forth in Table II hereinabove. n n TABLE III n n n __________________________________________________________________________nComparison of Solubilities of Homopolymer and Products of Grafting nReactions n Solvent a n Ethyl Tetra- Dimethyl- nPolymer Dioxane n Acetate n Heptane n Benzene n Toluene n Hydrofuran n 3-Pentanone n formamide n CH 2 n Cl 2 n__________________________________________________________________________nPTHF s s i s s s s b n i s nClPBd i i s V.sw -- s s b n -- -- nClPBd-g-PTHF n s 7 9 V.sw -- s s -- -- nClPBdSty i s b n s V.sw -- s s -- -- nClPBdSty-g-PTHF n s 24 c n 4 s b n -- s s b n -- -- nPVC i i -- -- -- s -- s b n -- nPVC-g-PTHF n 21 10 -- -- -- s -- s -- nCl 2 EPDM n i i s s -- s i -- -- nCl 2E PDM-g-PTHF n 15 9 s s -- s i -- -- nClEPDM i i s s -- s i -- -- nClEPDM-g-PTHF n 59 18 41 -- -- s -- -- -- nneoprene s i i s s s -- -- s nneoprene-g-PTHF n s s i V.sw 45 s -- -- s nClBut i i s -- -- s -- -- -- nClBut-g-PTHF n 9 3 s -- -- s -- -- -- n__________________________________________________________________________n +hu as = 100% soluble; i = insoluble; sw = swollen; V.sw = highly swollenn but still insoluble. Usually the amount dissolved did not change n significantly after 1 day. The numbers indicate the percentage of the n total product that was soluble. n b About a week was required to achieve solubility. n c After 3 days. n n II Grafting Various Heterocyclic Monomers from a PVC Backbone n Polymerizations for these experiments, as well as those which follow in Section III, were conducted at room temperature, in Teflon-lined screw-capped bottles, in a dry box. The backbone was contacted with the monomer by letting the mixture remain in the dry box for four days with occasional shaking. The backbone swelled greatly but did not actually dissolve except in one of the monomers, ε-caprolactone. Following the four-day period, AgPF 6 in CH 2 Cl 2 was added to the bottle which was then shaken to disperse the silver salt solution throughout the contents of the bottle. AgPF 6 , obtained from Alfa Inorganics Ventron, was used as received. The reactions were terminated by adding 1 ml of concentrated ammonium hydroxide. n The charges for each synthesis comprised: 20-30 ml of the desired monomer; approximately 1.5 g of Geon 109; and 1.5 ml of a 0.13 M AgPF 6 solution of the salt dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2 . In all syntheses, the monomer was first refluxed under N 2 over a suitable drying agent for 2-4 hours and then distilled under N 2 . The monomers were subsequently stored in a dessicator over P 2 O 5 until used. Monomers employed and compositions obtained have been summarized in Table IV which follows. All percentages which follow are by weight. n n TABLE IV n n n __________________________________________________________________________nHeterocyclic Monomers Grafted From PVC n Color Product Composition n Vol. Used n During Poly- n Days Poly- n % Monomer n (by wt) nMonomer (ml) merization n merized n Reacted n % PVC n % Branch n__________________________________________________________________________npropylene oxide n 24 Yellow Orange n 3 1.8 81.5 18.5 nstyrene oxide n 28 Bronze 3 20 21.1 78.9 nε-caprolactone n 19.5 Grey almost Black n 3 96 6.5 93.5 ndioxolane n 20.5 Grey 1.75 96 8.1 91.9 n7-oxabicyclo- n[2 . 2 . 1 ] heptane n 22 Bronze 3 2.7 73.2 26.8 n__________________________________________________________________________n n The polymers from dioxolane and 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]-heptane were isolated by evaporation and drying in a vacuum oven. Methanol extraction of unreacted monomer was attempted in the experiment with ε-caprolactone but the product solidified on addition of methanol. The product from styrene oxide polymerization was separated into methanol soluble and insoluble fractions prior to evaporation. The yield is based on the sum of the weights of both fractions. As reported in the table, polymerization occurred with each of the monomers. The polymers were characterized by solubility, nmr, and GPC. The results indicate that graft copolymer formed in each instance and that considerable homopolymer also formed with propylene oxide, styrene oxide, and ε-caprolactone. n Each of the methanol insoluble fractions was dissolved in THF and/or CCl 4 and filtered through a Celite filtering aid mat for removal of silver salts. The solvents were subsequently evaporated and the polymers were dried in a vacuum oven. Portions of the isolated polymer were utilized for analysis by GPC and nmr spectroscopy. Methanol soluble fractions were also analyzed by nmr. n The polymerization product of propylene oxide, a 3-membered ring cyclic ether, and PVC was found to be 99% soluble in THF and less than 1% soluble in CCl 4 . By nmr, the soluble portion was found to comprise 7% polypropylene oxide and 93% PVC. PVC is insoluble in CCl 4 while polypropylene oxide is soluble; thus, solubility alone would indicate that graft copolymer was formed. n The polymerization product of styrene oxide, another 3-membered ring cyclic ether, and PVC was found to be 73% methanol soluble which fraction was found to contain 100% polymer from styrene oxide by nmr. The methanol insoluble fraction soluble in THF was 97% and nmr analysis revealed approximately a 79% content of PVC and 21% of polystyrene oxide. The methanol insoluble fraction was also largely insoluble in CCl 4 and that which did dissolve was polymer from styrene oxide. The GPC trace indicated formation of a graft copolymer with a very small pe